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How was the Neutron discovered? "The fundamental subatomic particles electron and proton are not only the constituents of the atom there is still something inside the atom."  ~Rutherford(1920) Breakthrough : Scientists started to compare masses of different atoms on the basis of protons they possessed because electron contributes negligible mass to an atom.  When the masses of the two hydrogen atoms were compared with one helium atom scientist found the huge difference in the mass between them. Generally, Helium has 2 protons so it should have mass 2 units and 2 hydrogen atom should have 2 unit mass because of 2 protons. When the mass between them was compared it was observed the mass of the single helium atom was much heavier than the mass of two hydrogen atoms. It was found that masses of 4 hydrogen atoms were equals to mass of 1 helium atom. This discrepancy gave birth to a new idea. pic credit-Tyler DeWitt Again mass of lithium, boron, carbon atoms

How the proton was discovered? William Crooks experiment on the discharge tube is the landmark for the discovery of the fundamental particles, electron, and proton. The experimental set up as shown in the figure below: It was said that the cathode rays emits from source  irrespective of shape and size of the cathode. Now the scientist we called Goldstein tried the experiment with perforated aluminum as a cathode. Perforated aluminium  The set up was the same as setting up of William Crook with high voltage, low pressure except of the perforated Cathode. When the switch was on: Cathode rays traveled from cathode to anode and spark was noted at the anode, this case was already studied by the scientists but new thing was simultaneously the spark occurred in front of the cathode on the wall of the discharge tube. This observation leads to the discovery of the positive charges of anode rays or canal rays. Interpretation As cathode rays emits they knock out th

DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON Let us travel back to an era, this was the period when Faraday had discovered Faraday cell. It was proven that when two opposite charges, high potential collides a spark is produced followed by a sound. At that time natural phenomena like lightning, thundering and extreme change of weather were considered as an act of God and its hard to convince orthodox religious people about these as a physical phenomenon because at that time priest were considered as a supremo of a society. But the story is quite different here at that time there used to be two groups people one side of religious orthodox people and another side of innovative, radical (scientist) people. Scientists say these all are natural phenomena but others group says it is the Gods decision if he gets angry then these kinds of events occurred. There was a scientist called Benjamin Franklin it was said that he performed a kite experiment to prove lightning is just a physical phenomenon. He tied a m